抹灰石膏作為近年來在國內(nèi)發(fā)展起來的一種新型環(huán)保建筑材料，適用于各類建筑內(nèi)墻墻面抹灰，特別用于混凝土墻體及加氣磚墻體上直接施工效果尤為突出。

　　Gypsum plastering, as a new type of environmentally friendly building material developed in China in recent years, is suitable for plastering various interior walls and walls of buildings, especially for direct construction on concrete walls and aerated brick walls, with particularly outstanding effects.

　　那么各位在工地上做抹灰石膏施工時最容易出現(xiàn)的問題是什么？不外乎以下六點(diǎn)：

　　So what is the most common problem that people encounter when doing plastering and gypsum construction on the construction site? There are no more than the following six points:

　　究竟如何對石膏抹灰常見問題進(jìn)行根治呢？本期分享內(nèi)容為粉刷石膏抹灰常見質(zhì)量通病及施工工藝。01

　　How to cure the common problems of gypsum plastering? The content shared in this issue is about common quality problems and construction techniques of plastering gypsum. 01

　　為什么會出現(xiàn)抹灰石膏質(zhì)量問題抹灰石膏是以不低于60%質(zhì)量比的半水石膏作為膠凝材料，摻入外加劑和集料制成的抹灰材料。隨著建筑業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，新型墻體材料以其輕質(zhì)、高強(qiáng)、節(jié)能等特點(diǎn)，在建筑市場得到了大量運(yùn)用，然而找平材料更新速度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)跟不上墻體材料的更新速度。傳統(tǒng)的水泥砂漿抹灰存在易開裂、空鼓、起砂、粘結(jié)性能差等缺點(diǎn)。此外，因凝結(jié)硬化慢，裝修周期長，尤其是冬季施工，抹灰工序時間間隔較長，已成為快速裝修的最大障礙。材料性能的不同導(dǎo)致施工質(zhì)量的差異，與傳統(tǒng)水泥砂漿相比，抹灰石膏具有較大的優(yōu)勢。那么，抹灰石膏施工時有哪些常見問題？

　　Why is there a quality problem with plastering gypsum? Plastering gypsum is a plastering material made of semi hydrated gypsum with a mass ratio of not less than 60%, mixed with additives and aggregates. With the rapid development of the construction industry, new wall materials have been widely used in the construction market due to their lightweight, high strength, and energy-saving characteristics. However, the update speed of leveling materials cannot keep up with the update speed of wall materials. Traditional cement mortar plastering has disadvantages such as easy cracking, hollowing, sanding, and poor bonding performance. In addition, due to slow solidification and hardening, the decoration cycle is long, especially during winter construction, and the plastering process has a long interval, which has become the biggest obstacle to rapid decoration. The difference in material properties leads to differences in construction quality. Compared with traditional cement mortar, plaster gypsum has significant advantages. So, what are the common problems during plastering gypsum construction?

　　01

　　01

　　抹灰石膏出現(xiàn)粉化、空鼓、開裂

　　Plastering gypsum shows powdering, hollowing, and cracking

　　原因分析：① 基層未進(jìn)行界面處理，石膏中的水分被基層吸走導(dǎo)致粉化、粘結(jié)空鼓、表面開裂；② 未分層進(jìn)行批刮，單遍抹涂過厚，工人抹灰壓力不均勻、不密實(shí)，導(dǎo)致粘結(jié)空鼓、開裂；③ 細(xì)部節(jié)點(diǎn)部位、交界面未進(jìn)行加強(qiáng)處理，導(dǎo)致局部開裂；④ 養(yǎng)護(hù)不到位，冬季環(huán)境溫度和基層溫度過低，石膏無法充分凝，導(dǎo)致受凍開裂；夏季環(huán)境溫度和基層溫度過高，導(dǎo)致水分會發(fā)，無法正常凝固，導(dǎo)致粉化、開裂。02

　　Reason analysis: ① The interface treatment was not carried out on the base layer, and the moisture in the gypsum was absorbed by the base layer, resulting in powdering, bonding hollowing, and surface cracking; ② Failure to apply layer by layer scraping, excessive thickness in a single coat, uneven and non dense plastering pressure by workers, resulting in adhesive hollowing and cracking; ③ The detailed nodes and interfaces have not been strengthened, resulting in local cracking; ④ Inadequate maintenance, low winter environmental temperature and base layer temperature, and inability of gypsum to fully set, resulting in freezing and cracking; In summer, the ambient temperature and substrate temperature are too high, causing moisture to evaporate and prevent normal solidification, resulting in powdering and cracking. 02

　　抹灰石膏出現(xiàn)氣泡、鼓包

　　Bubbles and bulges appear in plastering gypsum

　　原因分析：基層氣孔封閉不到位，氣孔中的水分和空氣揮發(fā)，導(dǎo)致抹灰石膏出現(xiàn)氣泡、鼓包。這里留給大家一個問題，就是針對以上兩大類問題，你知道要采取什么樣的控制措施嗎？

　　Root cause analysis: Insufficient sealing of grassroots pores, resulting in the evaporation of moisture and air in the pores, leading to the formation of bubbles and bulges in the plaster. Here's a question for everyone, do you know what control measures should be taken for the two types of problems mentioned above?

　　02

　　02

　　抹灰石膏標(biāo)準(zhǔn)施工流程機(jī)械噴涂抹灰石膏工藝基層檢查 → 界面處理 → 安裝錨固件 → 設(shè)置沖筋 → 設(shè)置護(hù)角條 → 預(yù)留伸縮縫 → 第一次機(jī)械噴涂 → 鋪設(shè)玻纖網(wǎng)格布 → 第二次機(jī)械噴涂 → 清洗設(shè)備 → 質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收

　　Standard construction process for plastering gypsum: mechanical spraying, plastering gypsum process, base inspection → interface treatment → installation of anchoring components → setting of reinforcing bars → setting of corner protection strips → reserving expansion joints → first mechanical spraying → laying of fiberglass mesh cloth → second mechanical spraying → cleaning of equipment → quality acceptance

　　手工抹灰石膏工藝

　　Handmade plastering gypsum process

　　基層檢查 → 界面處理 → 安裝錨固件 → 設(shè)置灰餅 → 設(shè)置沖筋 → 設(shè)置護(hù)角條 → 預(yù)留伸縮縫 → 局部手工抹灰和鋪設(shè)玻纖網(wǎng)格布 → 手工抹灰上墻 → 抹平 → 清洗設(shè)備 → 質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收01

　　Grassroots inspection → interface treatment → installation of anchor components → setting of ash cake → setting of reinforcement → setting of corner guard → reserving expansion joints → local manual plastering and laying of fiberglass mesh cloth → manual plastering on walls → smoothing → cleaning of equipment → quality acceptance 01

　　基層檢查

　　Grassroots inspection

　　02

　　02

　　界面處理

　　interface processing

　　① 當(dāng)基層吸水性不均勻時應(yīng)使用界面劑處理；不同的基層（現(xiàn)澆混凝土、水泥砂漿、加氣混凝土砌塊等）應(yīng)分別如何進(jìn)行處理？② 界面劑可無氣噴涂、刷涂或滾涂覆蓋全部基層表面，厚度不宜大于 2mm；③ 界面劑充分干燥后，方可進(jìn)行下道工序。

　　① When the water absorption of the base layer is uneven, interface agents should be used for treatment; How should different base layers (cast-in-place concrete, cement mortar, aerated concrete blocks, etc.) be treated separately? ② The interface agent can be sprayed, brushed, or rolled to cover the entire surface of the base layer without air, and the thickness should not exceed 2mm; ③ The interface agent can only proceed to the next process after it is fully dried.

　　03

　　03

　　網(wǎng)布增強(qiáng)

　　Mesh reinforcement

　　① 容易出現(xiàn)開裂的部位，應(yīng)進(jìn)行網(wǎng)布增強(qiáng)處理，需要選用的玻纖網(wǎng)類型和寬度；② 玻纖網(wǎng)布應(yīng)如何設(shè)置？通常應(yīng)放置于抹灰層的上半層并接近表面；當(dāng)鋪設(shè)于已開裂的墻面或墻面有開裂危險時，應(yīng)放置于抹灰層的底部。玻纖網(wǎng)布處理部位△

　　① The parts that are prone to cracking should be reinforced with mesh fabric, and the type and width of fiberglass mesh that needs to be selected; ② How should fiberglass mesh be set up? Usually placed on the upper half of the plaster layer and close to the surface; When laying on a cracked wall or when there is a risk of cracking on the wall, it should be placed at the bottom of the plaster layer. Fiberglass mesh treatment area △

　　04

　　04

　　灰餅及沖筋設(shè)置

　　Gray cake and reinforcement setting

　　① 抹灰餅時，灰餅宜為正方形，根據(jù)室內(nèi)抹灰的要求，確定灰餅的正確位置。先抹上部灰餅，再抹下部灰餅，然后用激光定位儀進(jìn)行垂直度與平整度的檢查；② 灰餅用抹灰石膏制作，相鄰灰餅的間距宜為 1.2m~1.5m，且不大于 1.5m；③ 灰餅硬化后，用抹灰石膏沖筋，沖筋間距不大于1.5m；也可以安裝定位條代替沖筋，兩根定位條的間距不大于1.5m，定位條可以用抹灰石膏粘貼。

　　① When plastering, the plastering cake should be square, and the correct position of the plastering cake should be determined according to the requirements of indoor plastering. First apply the upper plaster, then apply the lower plaster, and then use a laser positioning device to check the verticality and flatness; ② The ash cake is made of plastering gypsum, and the spacing between adjacent ash cakes should be 1.2m~1.5m, and not more than 1.5m; ③ After the ash cake hardens, the plastering gypsum is used to punch the reinforcement, and the spacing between the punch bars is not more than 1.5m; positioning strips can also be installed instead of punch bars, and the spacing between two positioning strips is not more than 1.5m. The positioning strips can be pasted with plastering gypsum.

　　05

　　05

　　護(hù)角條設(shè)置

　　Corner protection strip setting

　　室內(nèi)墻面、柱面和門窗洞口的陽角部位需要安裝護(hù)角條：① 護(hù)角條可用砂漿粘結(jié)，粘結(jié)點(diǎn)間距不大于600mm；② 護(hù)角條位置要滿足抹灰層平整度設(shè)計要求。

　　Corner protection strips need to be installed at the external corners of indoor walls, columns, and door and window openings: ① The corner protection strips can be bonded with mortar, and the spacing between bonding points should not exceed 600mm; ② The position of the corner protection strips should meet the design requirements for the flatness of the plaster layer.

　　06

　　06

　　預(yù)留伸縮縫

　　Reserve expansion joints

　　①當(dāng)基層墻體上有構(gòu)造縫時，應(yīng)在構(gòu)造縫處的抹灰層內(nèi)留伸縮縫。② 當(dāng)抹灰層的水平和垂直方向長度超過15m時，設(shè)置伸縮縫；當(dāng)相鄰基層變形不同時，設(shè)置伸縮縫。③ 伸縮縫內(nèi)放置泡沫聚乙烯條或其它彈性材料。

　　① When there are construction joints on the base wall, expansion joints should be left in the plaster layer at the construction joints. ② When the horizontal and vertical length of the plaster layer exceeds 15m, expansion joints shall be installed; When adjacent base layers deform differently, set expansion joints. ③ Foam polyethylene strip or other elastic materials shall be placed in the expansion joint.

　　07

　　07

　　手工抹灰

　　Manual plastering

　　抹灰石膏攪拌：① 攪拌前，先將攪拌容器或攪拌機(jī)中殘留的漿料清理干凈。② 使用手持式電動攪拌機(jī)攪拌時，現(xiàn)在攪拌容器中加入規(guī)定的水，再加入抹灰石膏攪拌，連續(xù)攪拌時間不少于2分鐘，再按照產(chǎn)品說明書規(guī)定的要求靜置后再次拌和均勻。抹灰石膏施工：① 當(dāng)抹灰層厚度超過8mm時，需要分兩遍抹涂，第一遍先用抹灰石膏抹一層薄灰，壓實(shí)覆蓋整個基層，待初凝后干燥前抹涂第二遍。② 用刮尺沿沖筋由下往上找平，用刮下的料對凹陷處補(bǔ)料；陰角處用專用工具刮直、找方。

　　Plastering gypsum mixing: ① Before mixing, clean the residual slurry in the mixing container or mixer. ② When using a handheld electric mixer for mixing, add the specified water to the mixing container, then add plaster and mix continuously for no less than 2 minutes. After that, let it stand according to the requirements specified in the product manual and mix evenly again. Plastering gypsum construction: ① When the thickness of the plastering layer exceeds 8mm, it needs to be applied in two layers. The first layer is to apply a thin layer of plaster with plastering gypsum, compact and cover the entire base layer, and apply the second layer after initial setting and before drying. ② Use a scraper to level the punching bar from bottom to top, and use the scraped material to fill in the depressions; Use specialized tools to straighten and square the corners.

　　08

　　08

　　機(jī)械噴涂抹灰

　　Mechanical spraying and plastering

　　抹灰石膏漿料調(diào)配：設(shè)備調(diào)試和漿料調(diào)配按照安全接電 → 接水 → 接輸送管 → 開啟電源 → 加入機(jī)械噴涂抹灰石膏料漿 → 空桶中試噴 → 調(diào)節(jié)水壓閥的流程進(jìn)行。抹灰石膏噴涂：① 噴涂時，噴嘴與基面要垂直，距離宜為100~200mm。② 噴涂線路先頂棚后墻面、先房間后公共走道、樓梯間，由左到右、由上到下。③ 噴涂均勻，當(dāng)抹灰層較厚時可多道噴涂；噴涂一定范圍后，立即用刮尺對噴涂面初步找平，有漏漿部位及時噴涂找平。

　　Plastering gypsum slurry preparation: Equipment debugging and slurry preparation are carried out according to the process of safe power connection, water connection, pipeline connection, power on, mechanical spraying of plastering gypsum slurry, trial spraying in an empty bucket, and adjusting the water pressure valve. Plastering gypsum spraying: ① When spraying, the nozzle should be perpendicular to the base surface, with a distance of 100-200mm. ② The spraying route should start from the ceiling to the wall, from the room to the public walkway and staircase, from left to right and from top to bottom. ③ Spray evenly, and multiple coats can be applied when the plaster layer is thick; After spraying a certain range, immediately use a scraper to preliminarily level the sprayed surface, and timely spray and level any areas with leakage.

　　09

　　09

　　質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收

　　quality acceptance

　　抹灰石膏質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收符合國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《建筑裝飾裝修工程施工質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》GB 50210和行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《住宅室內(nèi)裝飾裝修工程質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收規(guī)范》JGJ/T 304的有關(guān)規(guī)定。抹灰石膏質(zhì)量及檢驗(yàn)方法抹灰石膏施工質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收：① 表面應(yīng)光滑、潔凈、顏色均勻、無抹紋。② 護(hù)角、孔洞、槽、盒周圍抹灰表面整齊、光滑，管道后側(cè)抹灰表面整齊。

　　The quality acceptance of plastering gypsum complies with the relevant provisions of the national standard "Construction Quality Acceptance Standard for Building Decoration and Renovation Engineering" GB 50210 and the industry standard "Code for Quality Acceptance of Residential Interior Decoration and Renovation Engineering" JGJ/T 304. Quality and inspection methods of plastering gypsum: Construction quality acceptance of plastering gypsum: ① The surface should be smooth, clean, uniform in color, and free of plastering marks. ② The plaster surface around the corners, holes, grooves, and boxes should be neat and smooth, and the plaster surface on the back side of the pipeline should be neat.

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